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Hyaluronic
Acid Knowledge |
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Hyaluro-nic Acid Therapy
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Basis of hyaluro-nic acid
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Hyaluronic Acid's
Etymology |
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Hyaluronic acid injections &
arthritis |
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Is Hyaluro-nic Acid Injected
Into Arthritic Hips? |
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An essential
nutrient for body structure |
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An essential
nutrient for body structure |
Hyaluronic Acid (Hyaluronan,Sodium Hyaluronate) may very well be the single most
important compound in the structure of the human body.*
It makes up the backbone of cartilage, the synovial
fluid around joints and under the skin, and even
cushioning behind eyes. Wellness Resources Hyaluro-nic
Acid is natural, low molecular weight HA. It is easily
absorbed and used by the body, unlike cheap sodium
hyaluronate.*
Wellness Resources uses the only form of hyaluro-nic acid
(low molecular weight) that has been proven to be
absorbed.* The H-A in this supplement is
extracted from rooster comb (a naturally occurring
source), purified and enzymatically split into smaller
pieces through a patented process (Japan Patent
2971860). This yields the only low molecular weight
hyaluro-nic acid on the market today.*
WARNING: sodium hyaluronate(Hyaluronan), being marketed as an
inexpensive hyaluro-nic acid, is not the naturally
occurring compound made by all cells of the body. It has
salt attached to every single disaccharide unit. Not
only does this increase sodium intake, the HA molecule
itself is abnormal. This synthetic hyaluro-nic acid is
typically made through bacterial fermentation, contains
molecules too large to absorb, and has not been proven
to absorb. This abnormal molecule cannot be relied on to
behave in metabolism correctly.
Hyaluro-nic Acid and Basic Body Structure
Hyaluronic Acid(HA,Hyaluronate,Hyaluronan):Cosmetics,Therapy,Injection,side effects is a key component of the extra cellular
matrix. This matrix is made of a framework of various
protein structures (collagen and proteoglycans). The
spaces within this framework are filled with HA. The
structure of H-A enables it to hold water in tissues,
forming a "goo" that provides cushioning, resiliency,
and moisture.*
Synovial Fluid and Joints: Hyaluronic acid (Hyaluronan,Sodium
Hyaluronate) is a primary
component of the synovial fluid that surrounds the
joints. Synovial fluid is the lubrication for joints,
much like oil is used to lubricate moving parts in a
machine. It also directly feeds nutrition to joint
cartilage. HA helps joints have resiliency, ease of
movement, and cushioning to distribute mechanical loads
(shock absorbers).*
Cartilage: Hyaluronic acid(Sodium Hyaluronate,Hyaluronan) makes up the backbone
structure of hyaline cartilage. Without the adequate hyaluro-nic acid backbone, cartilage will more readily
fall apart and deteriorate. Hyaluro-nic acid makes up the
backbone structure of cartilage. Without the adequate hyaluro-nic acid backbone, cartilage will more readily
fall apart and deteriorate. Over the past ten years we
have seen many individuals significantly improve joint
health, including those with knee, hip, or low back
problems.*
Skin: Hyaluro-nic Acid is a primary component of healthy
skin. About 50% of the structural H-A in the body is
contained in the skin matrix. Declining skin levels of
HA are associated with dryness, reduced flexibility, and
wrinkles. In a study conducted at Ostuma University in
Japan, 96 women, ages 22 to 65 years, were given the
equivalent of 3.75 capsules of Wellness Resources®
Hyaluronic Acid(Sodium Hyaluronate,Hyaluronan)
per day for 45 days. At the end of the
study 80 women reported improvement in skin moisture and
smoothness. H-A has also been shown to help improve acne
scars and sun damage.*
Eyes: Hyaluro-nic Acid makes up the fluid cushioning
behind the eyes. HA is concentrated in the eye to help
protect the eye against impact, acting like a shock
absorber. HA may also help to reduce dry eyes.*
All Body Structure: Hyaluronic acid
(Hyaluronan)is one type of glycosaminoglycan (GAG), unique in that it is all
carbohydrate and no sulfur. In addition to its goo-like
properties, H-A forms the "spine" or backbone of other GAGs.* Other GAGs contain sulfur, also important for
body structures. Common GAGs are: chondroitin sulfate
(cartilage), keratin sulfate (cartilage, bone, and
cornea), dermatan sulfate (skin, tendons, lungs, blood
vessels, heart valves), and heparin sulfate (cell
membranes).
GAGs combine to form larger molecules called
proteoglycans, which link to other proteins and collagen
to form all body structures. Although hyaluro-nic acid is
not the most dominant compound in these structures, it
is the one that is vital to the structure existing.*
Hyaluro-nic Acid Improves Sleep
Hyaluro-nic Acid assists in the natural repair process
that takes place during sleep. Take 2 before bed to
enhance joint and skin repair during sleep.
Hyaluronic
Acid(Sodium Hyaluronate,Hyaluronan) is also known to help you sleep better and wake up
feeling more refreshed.*
How Your Body Makes Hyaluro-nic Acid
Cells throughout the human body produce hyaluro-nic acid.
The million dollar question is: Are they making enough?
The starting nutrients your body uses are two sugars, D-Glucuronic
acid and N-Acetyl Glucosamine. D-Glucuronic acid occurs
widely in the plant kingdom and is a component of
cellulose and soluble fiber gums (like Nutrim® oat fiber
in Fiber Helper).
N-Acetyl Glucosamine (NAG) is a different nutrient than
the glucosamine sulfate or glucosamine hydrochloride
found in most joint support supplements. It is made by
combining the amino acid glutamine to glucose. A primary
location of NAG synthesis is by the endothelial cells
lining the GI tract, a process that may not work so well
if there is digestive distress.* Our GI & Muscle Helper™
supplement is a combination of glutamine and already
formed N-Acetyl-Glucosamine, nutrients that readily
support HA (Sodium
Hyaluronate,Hyaluronan) formation.*
The stimulus for cells to make
Hyaluronan can come from a
variety of metabolic signals, responding to the common
theme for increased body need for structural support.
Thus, exercise is one way to help stimulate H-A
production. Cells throughout the body make H-A as part of
the natural repair and recovery process.*
Cells use an enzyme called Hyaluronic Acid(HA,Hyaluronate,Hyaluronan):Cosmetics,Therapy,Injection,side effects synthase to
assemble the H-A molecule. This enzyme requires magnesium
and energy (ATP) to work properly.* Hyaluro-nic acid synthase is inhibited by stress hormones.*
Hyaluro-nic Acid, The New Frontier
While hyaluro-nic acid was discovered in 1934, until 10
years ago the H-A molecule was thought to be passive and
simply a structural component (like a 2 x 4 in a wall).
Despite its simple structure, dramatic scientific
research is now showing that H-A (Sodium
Hyaluronate,Hyaluronan) is one of the most
biologically active compounds in the human body.* These
functional characteristics of
Hyaluronan are causing scientists
to change its nickname from a space filling "goo" to
"magic glue."*
Hyaluronic acid(Hyaluronan) is now believed to play a functional
role in the formation of new body tissue, providing the
organizing matrix around which new connective tissue is
built.* In essence, hyaluro-nic acid acts as a template
to assist in the formation of body structure.* A single
molecule of H-A, which may be quite long, can attach to
hundreds of other structural protein molecules,
assisting in the formation of body structure.*
Natural Supplement to Maintain Structure
The new science is showing that hyaluro-nic acid may
operate as the brains of this operation, helping to
regulate how the body grows, stabilizes, and maintains
structure.* An elaborate and complex array of
Hyaluronan
enzymes, cell surface receptors, and binding proteins
are being identified.* Much of this new research is
focusing on the role of H-A in endothelial cells that
line arteries, seeking to identify how H-A(Sodium
Hyaluronate) assists in the
maintenance of the health of the circulatory system.*
Hyaluro-nic acid (Sodium
Hyaluronate) is also being extensively studied in
relationship to cartilage and bone formation and natural
regeneration processes.* The specific sequence by which
H-A guides these processes is now being identified,
placing Hyaluroic Acid and JointAll as our top joint
support supplements.*
This does not mean that H-A replaces other structural
support nutrients such as dietary protein, glucosamine,
chondroitin, MSM sulfur, vitamin C, or bioflavonoids.
Indeed, H-A is a relatively small amount of the final
structural material of any body tissue. Other structural
nutrients are very important as they are attached to H-A
to produce the finished product.* However, H-A has
special importance amongst all structural support
nutrients.* Hyaluronic Acid(HA,Hyaluronate,Hyaluronan):Cosmetics,Therapy,Injection,side
effects is not only required as a
fundamental structural nutrient, it is intimately
involved with managing the building and remodeling
processes.* It appears to be a guiding force behind
organizing body structure.*
One molecule of H-A (Sodium
Hyaluronate) may have as many as 10,000
disaccharide units. The weight of this long chain is
measured in Daltons, weighing in between 1 to 1.5
million Daltons. This large molecule of
Hyaluronan cannot be
absorbed by the human digestive tract as it is simply
too long to enter endothelial cells lining the digestive
tract.*
Wellness Resources uses the only form of hyaluronic acid
(low molecular weight) that has been proven to be
absorbed.* The hyaluro-nic acid in this supplement is
extracted from rooster comb (a naturally occurring
source), purified and enzymatically split into smaller
pieces through a patented process (Japan Patent
2971860). This yields the only low molecular weight
hyaluro-nic acid on the market today.* |
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Article Source: |
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http://www.wellnessresources.com/products/hyaluronic_acid.php |
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Hyaluronic Acid Therapy
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What is Hyaluronic Acid Therapy?
Hyaluro-nic acid therapy is a cosmetic surgery technique
that is used for facial augmentation. The therapy
involves injections in the face to mask/remove facial
flaws. It is administered through a needle and bears the
important distinction of being a substance that is very
well tolerated by the human body. This means that you do
not have to have to be tested for an allergic reaction
before being injected with it. This is good news for
those who do not want to wait eight weeks for the
results of an allergy test.
Application of Hyaluronic Acid
in Plastic Surgery
Hyaluro-nic acid (Sodium
Hyaluronate) therapy is an easy procedure; it has
many benefits in facelift approaches. Hyaluronic (Hyaluronan)has a
great many applications in cosmetic surgery and here is
a short list of just a few of the problems that an
injection of this biocompatible substance can correct:
☺Frown
lines between the eyebrows
☺Vertical
lines above the upper lip that may have been caused by
smoking
☺Marionette
lines that run from the nose to the corners of the mouth
☺Worry
lines that look like seams running across the forehead s
☺Crow's
feet at the corner of the eyes
☺Skin
depressions in the jaw or cheeks
☺Redefining
the border of the lip by eliminating lip feathering
☺Scars
including burns, acne and those caused by wounds
Hyaluronic Acid Therapy -
Everybody's Invited
Almost all people are suitable for hyaluronic acid
therapy. Because hyaluro-nic acid is chemically identical
to the acid in the human body, allergy to it is very
rare. It is almost always suggested as an alternative
treatment to people who have a skin test for bovine
collagen and develop an allergy. Hyaluronic
Acid(HA,Hyaluronate,Hyaluronan) (Sodium
Hyaluronate) side effects
are almost zero.
Hyaluronic Acid Injections -
Procedure
The procedure itself is very non invasive and does not
require anything but a topical anesthetic administered
to the site of injection (to deal with any pain caused
by the insertion of the needle). The needles used for
this procedure are very fine and tiny and depending on
how many problems are being treated the treatment takes
between fifteen minutes and an hour. It is considered to
be an outpatient procedure and many people return to
their normal activities the same day.
The augmentation usually lasts from between three and
five months depending on your life style, body chemistry
and the rate at which you are naturally aging. It is
important to realize that this is a temporary solution
and not a permanent cure for facial problems. To
maintain their youthful appearance most people have new
hyaloronic injections(Hyaluronan) two to three times a year.
Before you consider having hyaloronic acid treatment (Hyaluronan,Sodium
Hyaluronate), be
aware that you might not achieve the results you want
with just one treatment. Depending on how your body
reacts to the injections you might have to return to the
doctor’s office to get a touch up on your injection. On
average, most people need at least three visits before
they are completely satisfied with the results. |
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Article Source: |
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http://www.plasticsurgeryadvisor.com/facial-plastic-surgery/hyaluronic-acid-injection-side-effects.shtml |
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Is Hyaluronic Acid Injected
Into Arthritic Hips? |
Question: Is Hyaluronic Acid Injected Into Arthritic
Hips?
Intraarticular (Hyaluronan) hyaluronic acid injections are one of the
treatment options for knee osteoarthritis. What about
the effectiveness of hyaluro-nic acid for the hip? Have
hyaluronic acid injections been studied for other joints
or is it primarily used to treat knee osteoarthritis?
Answer:
Hyaluronic Acid Injections Are FDA-Approved for Knee
Osteoarthritis
Hyaluronic acid injections have been FDA approved for
many years as a treatment for knee osteoarthritis. But
hyaluronic acid(Hyaluronan,Sodium Hyaluronate)
has not been approved for hips or other
joints. Researchers have studied the effectiveness of hyaluronic acid injections for the hip and the results
were unimpressive.
There are several brands of injectable hyaluro-nic acid,
with Synvisc being the one that was first approved.
Euflexxa, Orthovisc, Hyalgan, and Supartz are others.
Synvisc-One was approved on February 26, 2009 as a
single injection formulation of Synvisc (which requires
a series of three injections).
Hyaluro-nic Acid Ineffective for Hip Osteoarthritis
Hyaluro-nic acid aims to restore the normal properties of synovial fluid. It has also been suggested that
Hyaluronic Acid(HA,Hyaluronate,Hyaluronan):Cosmetics,Therapy,Injection,side effects may have a protective effect on
cartilage, and may reduce the production and activity of
chemicals involved in inflammation (such as proinflammatory mediators, matrix metalloproteinases).
According to one study, a single injection of hyaluro-nic
acid is not effective for hip osteoarthritis --
actually, no more effective than placebo. Because
hyaluro-nic acid is rapidly cleared from joints, more
than one injection could be needed to provide benefit.
Rapid clearance of hyaluro-nic acid is just one theory of
why multiple injections may produce a better result.
Studies that looked at the effectiveness of
Hyaluronan for hip osteoarthritis have been small and scarce.
More studies are needed to determine if hyaluro-nic acid
is a suitable treatment option for joints other than the
knee. |
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Article Source: |
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http://osteoarthritis.about.com/od/osteoarthritistreatments/f/visco_hip.htm |
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Hyaluronic acid injections &
arthritis |
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a major cause of disability.
Patients with OA have pain that typically worsens with
weight-bearing and activity and improves with rest.
Unlike the rheumatoid arthritis (RA) inflammation is
usually mild and localised in the affected joint.
Although the cause of OA remains unknown, biomechanical
stresses and biochemical changes in the articular
cartilage, sub-chondral bone and synovial membrane, and
genetic factors, are all important in its pathogenesis.
In joints affected by OA, the synovial fluid's capacity
to lubricate and to absorb impact are typically reduced.
These changes are partly due to a reduction in the size
and concentration of hyaluro-nic acid (hyaluronan,Sodium
Hyaluronate)
molecules naturally present in synovial fluid.
Medical management of OA of the knee is effective for
many patients, but significant morbidity is common for
those using non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medication (NSAIDs).
Gastrointestinal toxicity has been a major problem for
many patients on NSAIDs, especially for geriatric
patients who need to take them for extended periods to
treat chronic conditions. Although only a minority of
patients using NSAIDs appear to develop serious GI
problems, because of widespread usage it is estimated
that there are at least 16,500 NSAID-related deaths each
year in the United States among patients with osteo- and
rheumatoid arthritis (1, 2). Another 76,000 end up in
the hospital. The economic burden of NSAID-associated
gastrointestinal disorders is enormous, with an
estimated cost of $500 million.
Surgical treatment of the knee OA is effective but it is
not appropriate for all stages of the disease or for all
patients. It is also costly and not without risks.
With increased understanding of the pathogenesis of OA,
new therapies are being developed, one of which is
viscosupplementation with Hyaluronic Acid(HA,Hyaluronate,Hyaluronan):Cosmetics,Therapy,Injection,side effects. A new
approach in the management of OA of the knee is to
inject hyaluronan or derivatives of this molecule (hylans)
into the joint. In recent years, the concept of
viscosupplementation has gained widespread acceptance as
a new treatment for the management of OA of the knee.
The safety of this treatment has been well documented in
numerous clinical trials, but controversy persists
regarding efficacy and cost-benefit concerns (3).
Viscosupplementation
The use of viscosupplementation is based on observation
that there is a decrease in viscosity and elasticity of
the synovial fluid in osteoarthritis and that the native
Hyaluronan in osteoarthritic knees has a lower
molecular weight than that found in normal healthy
knees. Replenishing the hyaluro-nic acid(Sodium
Hyaluronate) component of
normal synovial fluid may play a role in supplementing
the elastic and viscous properties of synovial fluid,
which may help relieve the signs and symptoms related to
osteoarthritis and improve function. Studies of human
synoviocytes from osteoarthritic joints have revealed
that exogenous Hyaluronic Acid(HA,Hyaluronate,Hyaluronan):Cosmetics,Therapy,Injection,side effects stimulates de novo
synthesis of hyaluro-nic acid, inhibits release of
arachidonic acid, and inhibits interleukin-1α induced
prostaglandin E2 synthesis by human synoviocytes. (4).
Hyaluro-nic acid is a glycosaminoglycan that is
composed of glucuronic acid and N-acetylglucosamine. It
differs from other glycosaminoglycans in that it is
unsulfated; also, it does not bind covalently with
proteins to form proteoglycan monomers, serving instead
as the backbone of proteoglycan aggregates. It is the
only glycosaminoglycan that is not limited to animal
tissues, being found also in bacteria. It serves as a
lubricant and shock absorber in the synovial fluid, and
is found in the vitreous humor of the eye. H-A is not
well absorbed orally, but has been widely used intraarticularly in the treatment of OA in animals and,
more recently, in humans. H-A(Sodium
Hyaluronate,Hyaluronan) is well tolerated with no
demonstrable toxicity and few side effects. Because it
is injected directly into the joint, its onset of action
is rapid. Conversely, its route of administration does
limit its therapeutic applications to some degree, and
high cost is also a factor (5).
Biochemistry
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are carbohydrate polymers that
are among the most abundant components of the ground
substance of connective tissue throughout the body. GAG
molecules are long, homogeneous, unbranched
polysaccharide chains that are formed by repeating
disaccharide subunits. Hyaluronate(Hyaluronan,Sodium
Hyaluronate) is the most abundant
GAG in synovial fluid. It is produced and secreted by
synoviocytes. Hyaluronate(Hyaluronan,Sodium Hyaluronate) is also prevalent in the extracellular matrix of articular cartilage, where it is
produced by chondrocytes and where it forms the
foundation for proteoglycan aggregates. The recurring
disaccharide subunit of h(Hyaluronan)yaluronate consists of N-acetylglucosamine
and glucuronate. These sugar subunits are joined by
glycosidic bonds. These bonds are extremely flexible in
solution; therefore, hyaluronate has no defined tertiary
structure. The carboxylate group on the glucuronate
sugar is negatively charged. Thus, hyaluronate is a
polyanion chain. The recurring electronegative charges
along the chain repel one another and attract water
molecules. Hence, (Hyaluronan)hyaluronate has been likened to a
"molecular sponge." These properties account for the
viscosity and elasticity of the hyaluronate
macromolecule.
Pharmacology of Viscosupplementation
The notion of supplementing osteoarthritic synovial
fluid with exogenous hyaluronate stems from the fact
that the molecular weight and concentration of
hyaluronate in osteoarthritic synovial fluid are
reduced. This phenomenon diminishes the viscosity of
osteoarthritic synovial fluid. Appropriate synovial
fluid viscosity is believed to be critical for
maintaining normal joint lubrication and is also
believed to have chondroprotective effects. It is
hypothesized that the reduced concentration and
decreased molecular weight of hyaluronate in
osteoarthritic synovial fluid renders articular
cartilage more vulnerable to mechanical and enzymatic
injury.
The goal of viscosupplementation
To increase the molecular weight and concentration of
hyaluronate in arthritic joints so that the intra-articular
environment more closely resembles that of healthy
synovial fluid.
The mechanism of action
The way viscosupplementation alleviates arthritic knee
pain is a subject of debate. It has been proposed that
exogenous viscoelastic substances act biomechanically by
providing a "cushioning" or layer effect. It forms a
viscous coating over the synovial and cartilage linings,
acting as a mechanical barrier over pain receptors and
inflammatory cells.However, some authors have
suggested that viscosupplements are eliminated from the
knee too rapidly to exert a significant and lasting
biomechanical effect. Indeed, the half-life of
hyaluronate in sheep is less than 24 hours. In vitro
research suggests that exogenous hyaluronate may
stimulate endogenous production of additional
hyaluronate by human synoviocytes. This could lead to
more durable biomechanical consequences. Other studies
suggest that Hyaluronic
Acid(HA,Hyaluronate,Hyaluronan):Cosmetics,Therapy,Injection,side
effects supplementation has a direct
anti-inflammatory effect on synoviocytes by inhibiting
arachidonic acid release or by blocking prostaglandin-E2
production. It has also been suggested that exogenous
hyaluronate inhibits damage mediated by oxygen free
radicals and phagocytosis. Research has also found that
hyaluronate may exert a direct analgesic effect on
articular nociceptors. Possible mechanisms by which
Hyaluronan
may act therapeutically include: providing additional
lubrication of the synovial membrane, and controlling
permeability of the synovial membrane, thereby
controlling effusions. Other possible, though less
certain, mechanisms include: promotion of cartilage
matrix synthesis and reaggregation of preoteoglycans.
Several studies have suggested that viscosupplements
with higher molecular weights have greater therapeutic
efficacy (6, 7).
Anti-inflammatory Effect
Hyaluronan (Sodium
Hyaluronate) has both in vivo and in vitro effects on
leukocyte function. These include inhibition of phagocytosis, adherence and mitogen-induced stimulation.
These properties are dependant on the molecular size of
hyaluro-nic acid. Intra-articular administration of
hyaluro-nic acid reduces levels of inflammatory
mediators, including prostaglandin and cyclic adenosine
monophosphate, in the synovial fluid of patients with
arthritis (3).
Analgesic Activity
It seems that intra-articular Hyaluronic Acid(HA,Hyaluronate,Hyaluronan):Cosmetics,Therapy,Injection,side effects modulates
pain perception directly through inhibition of
nociceptors or indirectly through binding of substance P
- a small peptide involved in the transmission of pain
signals (3).
Chondroprotective Potential
There is some data from human and animal studies to
suggest that viscosupplementation could have a
chondroprotective effect. Listrat et al. suggest that
repeated intra-articular injections of hyaluronan might
delay the structural progression of osteoarthritis. (7).
However, the chondroprotective effect of hyaluro-nic acid
remains unproved.
Clinical Effectiveness
Viscosupplementation is a proven adjunct to the
treatment armamentarium of general practitioners and
surgeons. A number of recent clinical trials have
evaluated the efficacy and safety of intra-articular(Hyaluronan)
hyaluronic acid injections (8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14,
15). The reports of these studies were among those
presented to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in
the course of the process that resulted in the release
of this treatment modality. The American College of
Rheumatology has included viscosupplementation in the
treatment algorithm for osteoarthritis of the knee (4,
16, 17).
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Study |
Intervention |
Design |
Clinical Assessment Parameters |
Conclusion |
Comment |
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Listrat et al., 1997 |
3
injections of Hyalgan, every 3 months, for a
year |
Randomised, prospective |
VAS
(pain), Lequesne's index
(functional impairment), AIMS2
(quality of life) |
This
study suggests that repeated injections of
hyaluronan might delay structural progression of
the disease. |
Industry-sponsored study.
Small sample size |
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Adams et al., 1995 |
Hylan G-F 20 vs continuous NSAIDs |
Randomised, single-blind, prospective,
muticenter |
VAS
(pain) |
Hyalgan equivalent to continuous NSAIDs at
12-week follow-up |
Industry-sponsored study |
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Wobig et al., 1999 |
Hylan G-F 20 vs a low molecular weight
hyaluronate |
Randomised, double-blind, prospective,
multicenter |
VAS
(pain) |
Hylan G-F 20 significantly better than low
molecular weight hyaluronate at 12 week
follow-up |
Industry-sponsored study |
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Bellamy et al., 2001 |
Appropriate Care (according to ACR guidelines)
with or without hylan G-F 20 injections |
Randomised, prospective, multicentre |
WOMAC,
and SF-36 |
Results provide strong evidence for adoption of
treatment with hylan G-F 20 in patients with
knee OA. Good value for money. |
Industry-sponsored study |
Cost-effectiveness
In clinical trials of intraarticular hyaluronan
preparations, pain relief among those who completed the
study was significantly greater than that seen after
intraarticular injection of placebo, and comparable with
that seen with oral NSAIDs. In addition, pain relief
among those who completed the study was comparable with
greater than that with intraarticular glucocorticoids.
Although pain relief is achieved more slowly with
Hyaluronic Acid(HA,Hyaluronate,Hyaluronan):Cosmetics,Therapy,Injection,side effects injections than with intraarticular
glucocorticoid injections, the effect may last
considerably longer with hyaluronan injections (17).
Safety
The risk of introducing infection into an OA joint is
extremely low if standard aseptic technique is used. The
lack of systemic side effects make the use of
viscosupplementation an appealing option for the
management of the knee OA. Extensive safety and toxicity
tests were performed on Ostenil™ before the first
clinical trials. Preclinical studies showed that Ostenil™
is nonantigenic, nontoxic, noninflammatory, and does not
elicit foreign body reactions. Hyaluronan, from which
hylan is derived, has been safely used in ophthalmic and
orthopedic applications in millions of patients. There
have been no systemic side effects attributed to Ostenil.
No cases of anaphylaxis or anaphylactoid reactions have
been reported in connection with Ostenil™ treatment.
However, anaphylactic-like reactions have been reported
following intra-articular Hyalgan™ injections (18).
Unwanted Effects
In clinical trials, transient redness, local pain,
warmth, and effusion, usually lasting up to three to
four days, may occur. Occasionally, severe synovitis may
occur requiring treatment with intra-articular
corticosteroids.
Precautions
Patients should consult their doctor or surgeon if they
have a history of hypersensitivities to hyaluronan
preparations or are allergic to avian proteins, feathers
and egg products. Intra-articular viscosupplements
should not be given to patients with an infection or
skin disease around the injection site, and should not
be used if venous or lymphatic stasis is present in the
leg, or if the joint is severely inflamed (18). |
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Article Source: |
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http://www.thekneedoc.co.uk/content.asp?section=20&parentID=1 |
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Basis of hyaluro-nic acid
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Hyaluronic Acid(HA,Hyaluronate,Hyaluronan):Cosmetics,Therapy,Injection,side effects
is a long, stringy, gel-like disaccharide
(a type of sugar) composed of alternating molecules of Glucosamine and Glucuronic Acid and is responsible for
the viscoelastic behaviour of Synovial Fluid ("joint
oil") and the hydration and elastic strength of
cartilage.
Hyaluro-nic acid has traditionally been derived from type
II collagen sourced from Rooster comb. This type of
Hyaluronan has a very high molecular weight of up
to six million Daltons (the unit of measurement for
molecular weight).
This form of hyaluro-nic acid has been shown to be
effective when injected but has too large a molecular
weight to be effectively absorbed through the intestinal
tract - if you are going to take something as an oral
supplement it has to get from your intestines into the
bloodstream and then into the cells of the joints where
it is needed!
Smaller Molecules of Hyaluro-nic Acid
The
Hyaluronan used in Cortaflex is produced from a
vegetable source and has a molecular weight of less than
fifty thousand Daltons. These much smaller molecules are
more easily absorbed than the larger molecule hyaluro-nic
acid(Sodium Hyaluronate).
This means that hyaluro-nic acid can now be taken as a
effective oral supplement for joints which have
experienced excessive wear and tear, or where an extra
boost to the joints is needed.
·Hyaluro-nic
Acid is a major component of joint lubricating fluid (Synovial
Fluid)
·Hyaluro-nic
acid is a key component of cartilage
Hyaluro-nic Acid now features in most formulations of Cortaflex:-
·Cortaflex
Hyaluronan Capsules for humans - the power of Cortaflex with
added Hyaluro-nic Acid.
·Canine
Cortaflex, both liquid and capsules, is now fortified
with hyaluro-nic acid and there is a brand new...
·Canine
H-A Cortaflex Powder which contains a much higher level
of Hyaluro-nic Acid.
·Equine
Cortaflex powder is now fortified with hyaluro-nic acid. |
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Article Source: |
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http://www.natural-animal-health.co.uk/hyaluronic_acid.htm |
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Hyaluronic
Acid's Etymology |
Hyaluronic Acid(HA,Hyaluronate,Hyaluronan):Cosmetics,Therapy,Injection,side effects is derived from hyalos (Greek for
vitreous) and uronic acid because it was first isolated
from the vitreous humour and possesses a high uronic
acid content.
The term hyaluronate refers to the conjugate base of
hyaluro-nic acid(Sodium Hyaluronate). Because the molecule typically exists
in vivo in its polyanionic form, it is most commonly
referred to as hyaluronan. |
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Article Source: |
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyaluronan |
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